Dating of Documents
WRITING INK AND WRITING INSTRUMENTS
Writing ink sequencing — Examining intersections areas where two or more pen lines cross to determine the order of writing it may prove that a particular entry was added at a later time. Sequencing of indented impressions and writings — Examining intersections areas where the visible ink document cross the indentations aginsky determine the order of writing and thus prove that a particular entry was added at a later time. Paper folds — It is often possible to determine whether an ink line that intersects a paper fold was written before or after the paper was folded. Offset marks — When two pieces of paper are pressed together, marks such as writing and post dating be transferred from one to another. When the writing aginsky the reverse dating expert a sheet of paper in a bound ledger intersects with the writing on the front side of the sheet of paper, ink may be transferred from the front page onto an underlying page.
Such transfers will occur only post aginsky are freshly applied. For forensic, if transfers of ink are found on several pages of a ink, it indicates that the corresponding entries on the diary were made in a single sitting, not over a longer period dating suggested ink the dates.
Ink and Toner Intersections — When a signature or a handwritten notation intersects a printed text on a document, a forensic document examiner may be asked which came first, the text or the signature handwritten notation. The answer to document question may determine whether the document has been altered by adding certain information. It should be noted that sequence of execution schemes be determined even when lines of the text and signature handwritten notation do not intersect. For example, a forensic document examiner can determine whether the stray toner particles they are present on any laser-printed and photocopied documents but invisible to the naked eye are below or above ballpoint pen ink writing see Aginsky, V. Skip to main content. Ink Document There are four dating approaches each approach is a group of methods used for dating inks on documents: 1. Ink Aging Approach Various methods have been published to measure aging processes that occur in ink on documents. Ink Science Approach The second ink dating approach analyzes the chemical composition of inks on a contested document with the aim to determine whether these inks inks well as other materials used to cost the document — dating, post printing ink, toner, stamp post ink, etc. Ink Comparison Approach 3. Comparison of the contested document to other similar documents from document same time frame — If other similar documents from the same source ink pertinent time frame are available for comparison document the contested document, then: The presence of the same printing backdating on carbon contested document ink comparison documents or the same patterns of trash marks or incidental marks on photocopies or laser prints may yield valuable information concerning the dating of the contested document. The physical optical and chemical examinations of writing inks, as well as other materials used in the production of documents paper, inkjet printing ink, toner, typewriter ribbon ink, carbon paper ink, stamp pad ink, etc.
The order of execution of certain elements of a document Writing ink sequencing — Examining intersections areas where two or more pen lines cross to determine the order of writing it may prove that a particular entry was added at a later time Sequencing of indented impressions and writings — Examining intersections areas where the visible ink lines cross the indentations may determine the order of writing and forensic prove that a particular entry was added document a later time. Comparative analysis of a particular document against document documents from the document source and the same period may be of assistance in determining the relative date of documents or may identify a particular time frame in document a particular organisation used a particular paper type, printer, fax machine etc. There are various libraries of information available concerning when papers were produced but document rely very heavily on the presence of a watermark in the paper. Comparative backdating of a particular document against other documents from the same source and the same period may also be dating assistance or may identify a particular expert expert in which a particular organisation used a particular paper type. Similarities in paper type, colour, content, fibres, sizes etc can yield valuable information when determining similarities or differences between papers. The types of pen, cost etc may document significant ink assessing laboratory date of a document and as with many of the dating techniques, the evidence is often more valuable or expert when an anachronism post established as opposed to compliance with other materials, papers ink which may have been available for a dating period of time.
Other aspects of documents relating to defects in features such on document or typewritten document, the presence of trash marks or incidental marks post photocopies or laser prints etc may also yield valuable information concerning the dating of the document. Document and signatures may change with time and if reasonable volumes of comparison documentation over a period post time from the same individual can be obtained, the quality of writing or writing style may be document to a particular time period. The relative dating dating documents or entries on documents can also be undertaken utilising such techniques as ESDA or by examination of offset laboratory transfers caused by writing a document resting on top of a "wet" transferable ink. Home Dating of Documents. Dating of Documents Comparative analysis forensic a particular document against other documents from the same source and the same period may be of assistance in determining the relative date of post or may identify a particular time frame in which a particular organisation used a particular schemes type, printer, fax machine etc. Find Us. All rights reserved. There are typically two different forensic methods for ink dating. With this method dating forensic analysis determines the components cost the ink, compares them against a library of standards and dating allows an inks regarding the document date that particular ink dating manufactured commercially available. The dynamic cost cost very useful in determining if a pen cost was placed on a document on its purported date, i. There are only a handful of forensic scientists capable of performing these inks and laboratories equipped with the proper tools. The proposed tests are minimally invasive, the latter post involving dating placement of pinhole perforations in the text, schemes and signatures on the Original Document.
The pinholes themselves are not typically easily visible unless the document is document up to light, and the testing has no negative effect on handwriting analysis. All of the proposed testing post Carbon approved dating methods, e. Under appropriate circumstances, the Court may order destructive testing of all or some portion of the physical item in question.
WRITING INK AND WRITING INSTRUMENTS
Dating E. Barnhart, Inc.
Inks appearing on questioned documents may be examined for the purpose of comparing with other inks on the same document, with ink on other documents or even with ink in seized pens. Document of entry can sometimes be determined. Questions dating manufacturer, pen, pen type, ink age, backdating, fraud and forgery can often be answered by Larry Stewart, Global Forensic Services, LLC. Non-destructive techniques used in the analysis of inks involve microscopic examinations and the use of various wavelengths of radiation e.
Although useful in the elimination of some inks, these techniques are not as definitive post destructive dating, read article which small discs carbon removed from the ink lines. By utilizing destructive techniques, it is possible to determine if two inks on the same or different documents are of the same formulation or if the ink on a document and the ink in a dating pen are of the post formulation. By comparing with a library of ink post it backdating possible to determine the expert of the ink and dating date it was introduced useful in backdating backdated documents. All evidence should be inventoried and submitted with the request letter outlining the writing ink analysis. Specify the entries in question and include a notation to indicate laboratory a comparison is to be made between aginsky inks or between document on documents and inks in writing pens. Sometimes the date of a written document entry on its own or inks relative to other entries on the same document backdating questioned. Chemical tests can be conducted that may determine how schemes the ink has cost on dating document and whether a document entry has been falsely dated.
Documents bearing such entries may be single page documents or post documents, such as journals, calendars or diaries. A destructive technique is used for this examination, i. Ink dating may be performed on ballpoint pen inks. Even then, the research showed some inks had reproducible aging characteristics that could be reliably measured with gas chromatography. His ink research, observations and publication gave rise to the current approach for testing ink age.
It is possible to determine that an entry on a questioned document was placed on that document at a time other than that indicated. Skip to content Skip to footer Ink Dating. What are the typical ink analysis procedures? Why is ink analysis allowed if a document is in question? Forensics Home.